Spain

Area inhabited by Neanderthals 20,000 BCE, Homo Sapiens 13,000 BCE; growth of Almería culture 3000 BCE, El Argar 2000 BCE, and Tartessus 1000 BCE; colonized by Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Visigoths; Muslim conquest in the 8th century; global expansion 15th-19th centurries; official language is Spanish, though Catalan, Galician, and Basque are also spoken.