The lonely tower

Samuel Palmer (1805-81) was a British landscape painter, etcher and printmaker. He was also a prolific writer. Palmer was a key figure in Romanticism in Britain and produced visionary pastoral paintings. He is represented by several works in Te Papa's collection.

By the time Palmer turned to etching in 1850, at the age of 45, the demands of painting saleable pictures had diluted the intensity of religious and poetic insight that had once distinguished his work. Palmer's adoption of etching was thus a self-conscious effort to rekindle the heightened perception of his early years, when he knew Blake and worked in idyllic seclusion with the Ancients at the village of Shoreham in Kent, 'the valley of vision' as he called it. The 13 etchings completed before his death in 1881 stand as a reaffirmation of Palmer's unique imaginative powers, and can be seen as the direct progeny of the great Shoreham drawings of the 1820s and early 1830s.

Palmer was intrigued by the process of etching, remarking to the critic and publisher P.G. Hamerton in 1871: 'If this kind of needlework could be made fairly remunerative, I should be content to do nothing else, so curiously attractive is the teazing, temper-trying, yet fascinating copper'. The following year Palmer told Hamerton: 'the great peculiarity of etching [is] an elegant mixture of the manual, chemical and calculative... it has something of the excitement of gambling, without its guilt and its ruin'.

Palmer elaborated his plates with painstaking care. Extensive use of stopping out and repeat biting helped achieve the dense hatchings and highly wrought surfaces that characterise his prints. 'The charm of etching', he wrote with evident delight in 1876, 'is the glimmering through of the white paper even in the shadows; so that almost everything either sparkles, or suggests sparkle - those thousand little luminous eyes which peer through a finished linear etching'.

The two large, exquisite etchings that Palmer completed for the project shortly before his death in 1881 - The Bellman and The lonely tower (Te Papa 1951-0013-1) - have, indeed, done much to ensure the immortality of his graphic art. The lonely tower, with its wondrous sky lit by the low sickle moon and glistening with the Great Bear constellation, was inspired by lines from John Milton's poem Il Penseroso (1645):

Or let my lamp at midnight hour
Be seen in some high lonely tow'r,
Where I may oft outwatch the Bear,
With thrice great Hermes, or unsphere
The spirit of Plato to unfold
What worlds or what vast regions hold
The immortal mind that hath forsook
Her mansion in this fleshly nook...

Palmer revered the great poet from an early age, and admitted that the two items he carried with him in his pocket at all times were a sketchbook and a 'little bound Milton'.

This etching originated in a large watercolour of 1867-68, commissioned by Leonard Rowe Valpy. Valpy had asked Palmer to paint subjects of his own choice, which spoke to his 'inner sympathies'. The result was a series of eight watercolours illustrating lines from Milton's companion poems, L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, expressions, respectively, of the pleasurable, active life and the solitary, pensive one. Palmer wrote to Valpy of his intentions for The lonely tower:

We must reach poetic loneliness - not the loneliness of the desert, but a secluded spot in a genial, pastoral country, enriched also by antique relics, such as those so-called Druidic stones. The constellation may help to indicate that the building is nothing else but the tower of Il Penseroso. Shepherds may gaze, not at the sky, but at the light given forth by My lamp at midnight hour.

The tower depicted in the etching stands on Leith Hill in Surrey. It was full of personal and tragic associations for Palmer since it was close to where his eldest son, Thomas More, had died in 1861. The tower was also visible from the studio at Palmer's house at Mead Vale, where he had relocated with his family the following year.

The watercolour is now in the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven. It differs from the etching most notably in the time of day depicted, which is sunset. A second, smaller watercolour, which corresponds more closely to the etching and was probably made after it, is in the Huntington Library, San Marino.

See:

British Museum Collection Online, 'The Bellman', https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1416962&partId=1&images=true

Peter Raissis, 'The Lonely Tower... Samuel Palmer', https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/275.2013/

Dr Mark Stocker    Curator, Historical International Art    May 2018